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前不久,朋友在对一台带语音模快的CISCO2610进行IOS升级时,由于路由器的内存(flash)为8M,IOS软件为7M多,升级后路由器无法正常启动。启动后到rommon 1 >状态,请求帮助。由于本人长期从事计算机网络管理工作,在对CISCO路由器的长期日常维护和管理实践中积累了一定的经验。现总结归纳出CISCO路由器IOS映像升级的几种方法,供广大网络爱好者或同仁参考。在介绍CISCO路由器IOS升级方法前,有必要对Cisco路由器的存储器的相关知识作以简单介绍。路由器与计算机相似,它也有内存和操作系统。
在Cisco路由器中,其操作系统叫做互连网操作系统(Internetwork Operating System),常简称为IOS.路由器的存储器主要有:
ROM:只读存储器包含路由器正在使用的IOS的一份副本;
RAM:IOS将随机访问存储器分成共享和主存。主要用来存储运行中的路由器配置和与路由协议有关的IOS数据结构;
FLASH (闪存):用来存储IOS软件映像文件,闪存是可以擦除内存,它能够用IOS的新版本覆写,IOS升级主要是闪存中的IOS映像文件进行更换。
NVRAM:非易失性随机访问存储器,用来存储系统的配置文件。
IOS升级方法一
在对能够正常启动的CISCO路由器的IOS进行升级时,比较简单。具体步骤如下:
1、寻找一种TFTP服务器软件(有CISCO公司的TFTPServer或3COM公司的3Cserver等,在升级较大IOS映象文件时,建议用3Cserver),安装在一台计算机上,将要升级的IOS映象文件拷贝到相关的目录中(例:D:\),并运行TFTP服务器软件,通过菜单设置Root目录为拷贝IOS映象文件所在目录(如D:\)。假设该计算机的IP地址为10.32.10.1;
2、连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC的超级终端软件访问路由器,将路由器的地址设为10.32.10.32(与计算机的IP地址同网段即可)。建议在进行IOS升级前将原有IOS文件备份下来,防止待升级的IOS文件存在问题不可用;
QUOTE:Router# dir flash: (查看目前IOS映象文件名,也可用Router#Show version)
Directory of flash:/
1 -rw- 5998292C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN
8388608 bytes total (2390252 bytes free)
Router#copy flash tftp(备份IOS文件)
Source filename []?c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin
Address or name of remote host []? 10.32.10.1(TFTP服务器地址)
Destination filename [c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin]?
5998292 bytes copied in 324.071 secs (18509 bytes/sec)
Router# 3、对路由器进行IOS升级;
QUOTE:Router#copy tftp flash
Address or name of remote host []? 10.32.10.1 (TFTP服务器地址)
Source filename []? c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin (需升级的新IOS映象文件名)
Destination filename [c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin]?
Do you want to over write? [confirm]
Accessing tftp://10.32.10.1/c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin……
Erase flash: before copying? [confirm]
Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm]
Erasing device…… eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ……erasedee
Erase of flash: complete
Loading c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin from 10.32.10.1 (via Ethernet0/0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
[OK - 5998292 bytes]
Verifying checksum…… OK (0xA0C0)
5998292 bytes copied in 318.282 secs (18846 bytes/sec)
Router# IOS升级方法二
由于升级失败后或者路由器的config-register寄存器值为0x2101时,开启路由器时、或者在开启(某些型号)Cisco路由器的电源开关后30秒内按下Ctrl+break键,中断路由器的正常启动,路由器都会进入rom监视模式,即Router(boot)>,在这种情形下,对路由器的IOS进行升级,也比较简单。首先进入特权模式下,即
QUOTE:Router(boot)>en
Router(boot)#其他升级步骤同方法一,即:执行copy tftp flash命令,对IOS进行升级。升级完成后,不要忘了修改config-register寄存器值为0x2102(恢复正常值)。
QUOTE:Router(boot)# t
Router(boot)( config)# config-register 0x2102
Router(boot)( config)#exit
Router(boot)#wr
Router(boot)#reload重启即可。
IOS升级方法三
由于不小心使用了命令erase flash或升级失败后或在开启(某些型号)Cisco路由器的电源开关后30秒内按下Ctrl+break键,中断路由器的正常启动,路由器都会进入rom监视模式,即 rommon 1>,在这种情形下,对路由器的IOS进行升级,情况要稍微复杂一点。在rommon 1>状态下,可键?请求帮助。(1为命令行序号,每执行1条命令自动加1)
QUOTE:rommon 1 > ?
alias set and display aliases command
bootboot up an external process
break set/show/clear the breakpoint
confreg configuration register utility
contcontinue executing a downloaded image
context display the context of a loaded image
cookie display contents of cookie PROM in hex
dev list the device table
dir list files in file system
dis display instruction stream
dnldserial download a program module
frame print out a selected stack frame
helpmonitor builtin command help
history monitor command history
meminfo main memory information
repeat repeat a monitor command
reset system reset
set display the monitor variables
stack produce a stack trace
syncwrite monitor environment to NVRAM
sysret print out info from last system return
tftpdnldtftp image download
unalias unset an alias
unset unset a monitor variable
xmodem x/ymodem image download
rommon 2 >在rommon 1>状态下有两种升级IOS方法。
(一)、通过Xmodem命令(注:Xmodem与实际的modem没有任何联系 只是一个传输协议 数据是通过终端的串口和路由器的Console口灌进去的)升级IOS,具体步骤如下:
1、用Cisco原配的线缆连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC机的超级终端软件访问路由器,这时不需要对PC和路由器配置任何地址。
2、在这个模式下,输入Xmodem命令,即:
QUOTE:rommon 2 > xmodem -c c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin
(-c是带校验,c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin为存放在PC机上的IOS映像文件)
WARNING: All existing data in bootflash will be lost!
Invoke this application only for disaster recovery.
Do you wish to continue? y/n [n]: y Ready to receive file c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin …… (此时在超级终端的传送栏目=> 选择发送文件选项 => 再选择Xmodem 并指明IOS映像文件所在的路径,按发送即开始上传IOS,等待时间很长,视IOS的大小和传输速度。)
QUOTE:Erasing flash at 0x607c0000
program flash location 0x605b0000
Download Complete!
传完以后,对整个系统初始化 显示如下:
QUOTE:program load complete, entry point: 0x80008000, size: 0x5b85e0
Self decompressing the image :
[OK]
Smart Init is disabled. IOMEM set to: 10
Using iomem percentage: 10
Restricted Rights Legend
Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is
subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph
(c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted
Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph
(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer
Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.
cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, California 95134-1706
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.2(11)T9, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
TAC Support: http://www.cisco.com/tac
Copyright (c) 1986-2003 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 23-Jun-03 15:42 by cmong
Image text-base: 0x8000809C, data-base: 0x80A68B48
cisco 2610 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x203) with 22528K/2048K bytes of memory
Processor board ID JAD03483395 (1128032249)
M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
2 Serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
Press RETURN to get started!
*Mar 1 00:00:05.652: %PA-2-UNDEFPA: Undefined Port Adaptor type 100 in bay 1
*Mar 1 00:00:07.996: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:00:07.996: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down
*Mar 1 00:00:07.996: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down
*Mar 1 00:00:09.142: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:00:09.142: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down
*Mar 1 00:00:09.142: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down
*Mar 1 00:00:09.458: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from memory by console
*Mar 1 00:00:11.245: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to administratively down
*Mar 1 00:00:12.275: %SYS-5-RESTART: System restarted ——Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.2(11)T9, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
TAC Support: http://www.cisco.com/tac
Copyright (c) 1986-2003 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 23-Jun-03 15:42 by cmong
*Mar 1 00:00:12.279: %SNMP-5-COLDSTART: SNMP agent on host NE16 is undergoing a cold start
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